Super-resolution 3D microscopy of live whole cells using structured illumination. Super-resolution video microscopy of live cells by structured illumination. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy. Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy. Three-dimensional resolution doubling in wide-field fluorescence microscopy by structured illumination. Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy. Laterally modulated excitation microscopy: improvement of resolution by using a diffraction grating. Method of obtaining optical sectioning by using structured light in a conventional microscope. The benefits of the proposed approaches are demonstrated on focal adhesion and tubulin samples in two and three dimensions, and on nanofabricated fluorescent test patterns. This trade-off can be partly overcome by further notch filtering but at the expense of a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio.
The new reconstructions point to a trade-off between contrast and a natural noise appearance. Both methods eliminate ad hoc user-adjustable reconstruction parameters in favor of physical parameters, enhancing objectivity. True-Wiener-filtered SIM optimizes contrast given the available signal-to-noise ratio, and flat-noise SIM fully overcomes the structured noise artifact while maintaining resolving power.
Here we present a physically realistic noise model that explains the structured noise artifact, which we then use to motivate new complementary reconstruction approaches. Standard reconstruction algorithms, however, are prone to generate noise-specific artifacts that limit their applicability for lower signal-to-noise data. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become a widely used method for biological imaging.
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